Outside may refer to:

Wilderness

''Outside'' (magazine), an outdoors magazine

''Outside'' (film), a short film written and directed by Jenn Kao and starring Courtney Ford

''Outside'', a book by Marguerite Duras

Outside (novel), a book by Shalini Boland, first book in The Outside Series

Outside (Alaska), any non-Alaska location, as referred to by Alaskans

Music

Outside (jazz)

Outside Music, a Canadian music distributor and record label

Outside Studios, an English recording studio

''Outside'' (David Bowie album)

* ''Outside'' (David Bowie song)

''Outside'' (Amar album)

''Outside'' (Tapes n' Tapes album)

''Outside'' (George Michael song),

''Outside'' (Staind song), 2002

''Outside'', a song by X-Wife from ''Feeding the Machine''

See also

Inside (disambiguation)

External (disambiguation)

Out (disambiguation)

es:Outside fr:Outside (homonymie) it:Outside ru:Outside

Name	Tutankhamun
Alt name	Tutankhamen, Tutankhaten, Tutankhamon possibly Nibhurrereya (as referenced in the Amarna letters)
Reign	ca. 1332–1323 BCE
Dynasty	18th Dynasty
Predecessor	Smenkhkare
Successor	Ay
Spouse	Ankhesenamun
Notes	See Tutankhamun#Names
Children	two daughters
Father	Akhenaten
Mother	unidentified mummy, "The Younger Lady"
Birth date	ca. 1341 BCE
Death date	ca. 1323 BCE (aged ca. 18)
Burial	KV62
Monuments	}}

Tutankhamun (alternately spelled with ''Tutenkh-'', ''-amen'', ''-amon''), Egyptian '''', ; approx. 1341 BC – 1323 BC) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled ca. 1332 BC – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. His original name, Tutankhaten, means "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun means "Living Image of Amun". In hieroglyphs, the name Tutankhamun was typically written Amen-tut-ankh, because of a scribal custom that placed a divine name at the beginning of a phrase to show appropriate reverence. He is possibly also the ''Nibhurrereya'' of the Amarna letters, and likely the 18th dynasty king ''Rathotis'' who, according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years — a figure which conforms with Flavius Josephus's version of Manetho's ''Epitome''.

The 1922 discovery by Howard Carter and George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon of Tutankhamun's nearly intact tomb received worldwide press coverage. It sparked a renewed public interest in ancient Egypt, for which Tutankhamun's burial mask remains the popular symbol. Exhibits of artifacts from his tomb have toured the world. In February 2010, the results of DNA tests confirmed that he was the son of Akhenaten (mummy KV55) and his sister/wife (mummy KV35YL), whose name is unknown but whose remains are positively identified as "The Younger Lady" mummy found in KV35.

Life

Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV) and one of Akhenaten's sisters. As a prince he was known as Tutankhaten. He ascended to the throne in 1333 BCE, at the age of nine or ten, taking the reign name of Tutankhamun. His wet-nurse was a woman called Maia, known from her tomb at Saqqara.

When he became king, he married his half-sister, Ankhesenepatan, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun. They had two daughters, both stillborn. CT studies released in 2011 revealed that one daughter died at 5–6 months of pregnancy while the other at 9 months of pregnancy. No evidence was found of congenital anomalies or the apparent cause of death in either mummy.

Reign

Given his age, the king probably had very powerful advisers, presumably including General Horemheb, the Vizier Ay, and Maya, the "Overseer of the Treasury". Horemheb records that the king appointed him 'lord of the land' as hereditary prince to maintain law. He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his temper flared.

Domestic policy

In his third regnal year, Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god Amun to supremacy. The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital was moved back to Thebes and the city of Akhetaten abandoned. This is also when he changed his name to Tutankhamun.

As part of his restoration, the king initiated building projects, in particular at Thebes and Karnak, where he dedicated a temple to Amun. Many monuments were erected, and an inscription on his tomb door declares the king had "spent his life in fashioning the images of the gods". The traditional festivals were now celebrated again, including those related to the Apis Bull, Horemakhet, and Opet. His restoration stela says:

The temples of the gods and goddesses ... were in ruins. Their shrines were deserted and overgrown. Their sanctuaries were as non-existent and their courts were used as roads ... the gods turned their backs upon this land ... If anyone made a prayer to a god for advice he would never respond.

Foreign policy

The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten. Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular with the Mitanni. Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts from various countries found in his tomb. Despite his efforts for improved relations, battles with Nubians and Asiatics were recorded in his mortuary temple at Thebes. His tomb contained body armour and folding stools appropriate for military campaigns. However, given his youth and physical disabilities, which seemed to require the use of a cane in order to walk (he died at age 18), historians speculate that he did not take part personally in these battles.

Health and appearance

Tutankhamun was slight of build, and was roughly tall. He had large front incisors and the overbite characteristic of the Thutmosid royal line to which he belonged. He also had a pronounced dolichocephalic (elongated) skull, although it was within normal bounds and highly unlikely to have been pathological. Given the fact that many of the royal depictions of Akhenaten often featured such an elongated head, it is likely an exaggeration of a family trait, rather than a distinct abnormality. The research also showed that the Tutankhamun had "a slightly cleft palate" and possibly a mild case of scoliosis, a medical condition in which the spine is curved from side to side.

Cause of death

There are no surviving records of Tutankhamun's final days. What caused Tutankhamun's death has been the subject of considerable debate. Major studies have been conducted in an effort to establish the cause of death.

Although there is some speculation that Tutankhamun was assassinated, the consensus is that his death was accidental. A CT scan taken in 2005 shows that he had badly broken his leg shortly before his death, and that the leg had become infected. DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system. It is believed that these two conditions (malaria and leiomyomata) combined, led to his death.

Probable product of incest

According to the September 2010 issue of ''National Geographic'' magazine, Tutankhamun was the result of an incestuous relationship and, because of that, may have suffered from several genetic defects that contributed to his early death. For years, scientists have tried to unravel ancient clues as to why the boy king of Egypt, who reigned for 10 years, died at the age of 19. Several theories have been put forth; one was that he was killed by a blow to the head. Another put the blame on a broken leg.

Various diseases invoked as possibly explanation to his early demise included Marfan syndrome, Wilson-Turner X-linked mental retardation syndrome, Fröhlich syndrome (adiposogenital dystrophy), Klinefelter syndrome, androgen insensitivity syndrome, aromatase excess syndrome in conjunction with sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, and Antley-Bixler syndrome or one of its variants. In June 2010, German scientists said they believed there was evidence that he died of sickle cell disease. However, other experts have rejected the hypothesis of homozygous sickle cell disease based on logics based on survival beyond 5 year age and the location of the osteonecrosis which is characteristic of Freiberg-Kohler syndrome rather than sickle-cell disease.

Research conducted by archaeologists, radiologists, and geneticists who started performing CT scans on Tutankhamun in 2005 found that he was not killed by a blow to the head, as previously thought. That same team began doing DNA research on Tutankhamun's mummy, as well as the mummified remains of other members of his family, in 2008. DNA tests finally put to rest questions about Tutankhamun's lineage, proving that his father was Akhenaten, but that his mother was not one of Akhenaten's known wives. His mother was one of Akhenaten's five sisters, although it is not known which one. New CT images discovered congenital flaws, which are more common among the children of incest. Siblings are more likely to pass on twin copies of harmful genes, which is why children of incest more commonly manifest genetic defects. It is suspected he also had a partially cleft palate, another congenital defect.

The team was able to establish with a probability of better than 99.99 percent that Amenhotep III was the father of the individual in KV55, who was in turn the father of Tutankhamun. The DNA of the so-called Younger Lady (KV35YL), found lying beside Queen Tiye in the alcove of KV35, matched that of the boy king. Her DNA proved that, like Akhenaten, she was a child of Amenhotep III and Tiye; thus, Tutankhamun's parents were brother and sister. Queen Tiye held much political influence at court and acted as an adviser to her son after the death of her husband. Some geneticists dispute these findings, however, and "complain that the team used inappropriate analysis techniques."

While the data are still incomplete, the study suggests that one of the mummified fetuses found in Tutankhamun's tomb is the daughter of Tutankhamun himself, and the other fetus is probably his child as well. So far only partial data for the two female mummies from KV21 has been obtained. One of them, KV21A, may well be the infants' mother and thus, Tutankhamun's wife, Ankhesenamun. It is known from history that she was the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, and thus likely to be her husband's half-sister. Another consequence of inbreeding can be children whose genetic defects do not allow them to be brought to term.

The research team consisted of Egyptian scientists Yehia Gad and Somaia Ismail from the National Research Centre in Cairo. The CT scans were conducted under the direction of Ashraf Selim and Sahar Saleem of the Faculty of Medicine at Cairo University. Three international experts served as consultants: Carsten Pusch of the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Germany; Albert Zink of the EURAC-Institute for Mummies and the Iceman in Bolzano, Italy; and Paul Gostner of the Central Hospital Bolzano.. STR analysis based DNA fingerprinting analysis combined with the other techniques have rejected the hypothesis of gynecomastia and craniosynostoses (eg, Antley-Bixler syndrome) or Marfan syndrome, but an accumulation of malformations in Tutankhamun's family was evident. Several pathologies including Köhler disease II were diagnosed in Tutankhamun; none alone would have caused death. Genetic testing for STEVOR, AMA1, or MSP1 genes specific for Plasmodium falciparum revealed indications of malaria tropica in 4 mummies, including Tutankhamun's. However their exact contribution to the causality of his death still is highly debated.

As stated above, the team discovered DNA from several strains of a parasite proving he was infected with the most severe strain of malaria several times in his short life. Malaria can trigger circulatory shock or cause a fatal immune response in the body, either of which can lead to death. If Tutankhamun did suffer from a bone disease which was crippling, it may not have been fatal. "Perhaps he struggled against others [congenital flaws] until a severe bout of malaria or a leg broken in an accident added one strain too many to a body that could no longer carry the load," wrote Zahi Hawass, archeologist and head of Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquity involved in the research.

Tomb

Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was small relative to his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the completion of a grander royal tomb, so that his mummy was buried in a tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary seventy days between death and burial.

King Tutankhamun's mummy still rests in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. On November 4, 2007, 85 years to the day after Carter's discovery, the 19-year-old pharaoh went on display in his underground tomb at Luxor, when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb.

Discovery of tomb

Tutankhamun seems to have faded from public consciousness in Ancient Egypt within a short time after his death, and remained virtually unknown until the 1920s. His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but based on the items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration of the tomb after the intrusions, it seems clear that these robberies took place within several months at most of the initial burial. Eventually the location of the tomb was lost because it had come to be buried by stone chips from subsequent tombs, either dumped there or washed there by floods. In the years that followed, some huts for workers were built over the tomb entrance, clearly not knowing what lay beneath. When at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty the Valley of the Kings burials were systematically dismantled, the burial of Tutankhamun was overlooked, presumably because knowledge of it had been lost and his name may have been forgotten.

Exhibitions

Relics from Tutankhamun's tomb are among the most traveled artifacts in the world. They have been to many countries, but probably the best-known exhibition tour was ''The Treasures of Tutankhamun'' tour, which ran from 1972 to 1979. This exhibition was first shown in London at the British Museum from March 30 until September 30, 1972. More than 1.6 million visitors came to see the exhibition, some queuing for up to eight hours and it was the most popular exhibition in the Museum's history. The exhibition moved on to many other countries, including the USA, USSR, Japan, France, Canada, and West Germany. The Metropolitan Museum of Art organized the U.S. exhibition, which ran from November 17, 1976 through April 15, 1979. More than eight million attended.

In 2004, the tour of Tutankhamun funerary objects entitled ''Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter'', consisting of fifty artifacts from Tutankhamun's tomb and seventy funerary goods from other 18th Dynasty tombs, began in Basle, Switzerland and went on to Bonn Germany on the second leg of the tour. This European tour was organised by the Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), and the Egyptian Museum in cooperation with the Antikenmuseum Basel and Sammlung Ludwig. Deutsche Telekom sponsored the Bonn exhibition.

In 2005, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, in partnership with Arts and Exhibitions International and the National Geographic Society, launched a tour of Tutankhamun treasures and other 18th Dynasty funerary objects, this time called ''Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs''. It features the same exhibits as ''Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter'' in a slightly different format. It was expected to draw more than three million people.

The exhibition started in Los Angeles, California, then moved to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Chicago and Philadelphia. The exhibition then moved to London before finally returning to Egypt in August 2008. An encore of the exhibition in the United States ran at the Dallas Museum of Art from October 2008 to May 2009. The tour continued to other U.S. cities. After Dallas the exhibition moved to the de Young Museum in San Francisco, followed by the Discovery Times Square Exposition in New York City.

In 2011 the exhibition visited Australia for the first time, opening at the Melbourne Museum in April for its only Australian stop before Egypt's treasures return to Cairo in December, 2011.

The exhibition includes 80 exhibits from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the Eighteenth dynasty, such as Hatshepsut, whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts, as well as 50 from Tutankhamun's tomb. The exhibition does not include the gold mask that was a feature of the 1972-1979 tour, as the Egyptian government has determined that the mask is too fragile to withstand travel and will never again leave the country.

A separate exhibition called ''Tutankhamun and the World of the Pharaohs'' began at the Ethnological Museum in Vienna from March 9 to September 28, 2008, showing a further 140 treasures. Renamed ''Tutankhamun: The Golden King and the Great Pharaohs'', this exhibition began a tour of the US and Canada in Atlanta on November 15, 2008. It is scheduled to finish in Seattle on January 6, 2013.

Curse

For many years, rumors of a "Curse of the Pharaohs" (probably fueled by newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery) persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had first entered the tomb. However, a recent study of journals and death records indicates no statistical difference between the age of death of those who entered the tomb and those on the expedition who did not.

Aftermath of death

Although it is unknown how he met his death, the Amarna letters indicate that Tutankhamun's wife, recently widowed, wrote to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I, asking if she could marry one of his sons, saying that she was very afraid, but would not take one of her own people as husband. However, the son was killed before reaching his new wife. Shortly afterward Ay married Tutankhamun's widow and became Pharaoh as a war between the two countries was fought, and Egypt was left defeated.

Significance

Tutankhamun was nine years old when he became pharaoh and reigned for approximately ten years. In historical terms, Tutankhamun's significance stems from his rejection of the radical religious innovations introduced by his predecessor and father, Akhenaten. Secondly, his tomb in the Valley of the Kings was discovered by Carter almost completely intact — the most complete ancient Egyptian royal tomb ever found. As Tutankhamun began his reign at such an early age, his vizier and eventual successor Ay was probably making most of the important political decisions during Tutankhamun's reign.

Tutankhamun was one of the few kings worshiped as a god and honored with a cult-like following during his lifetime. A stela discovered at Karnak and dedicated to Amun-Re and Tutankhamun indicates that the king could be appealed to in his deified state for forgiveness and to free the petitioner from an ailment caused by wrongdoing. Temples of his cult were built as far away as in Kawa and Faras in Nubia. The title of the sister of the Viceroy of Kush included a reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult.

In popular culture

If Tutankhamun is the world's best known pharaoh, it is largely because his tomb is among the best preserved, and his image and associated artifacts the most-exhibited. As Jon Manchip White writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's ''The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun'', "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's kings has become in death the most renowned."

The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s. Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern neologism, "King Tut". Ancient Egyptian references became common in popular culture, including Tin Pan Alley songs; the most popular of the latter was "Old King Tut" by Harry Von Tilzer from 1923, which was recorded by prominent artists of the time as Jones & Hare and Sophie Tucker. "King Tut" became the name of products, businesses, and even the pet dog of U.S. President Herbert Hoover.

The interest in this tomb and its alleged "curse" also led to horror movies featuring a vengeful mummy.

Film and television

''We Want Our Mummy'', a 1939 film by the Three Stooges. In it, the slapstick comedy trio explores the tomb of the midget King Rutentuten (pronounced "rootin'-tootin'") and his Queen, Hotsy Totsy. A decade later, they were crooked used-chariot salesmen in ''Mummy's Dummies'', in which they ultimately assist a different King Rootentootin (Vernon Dent) with a toothache.

King Tut, played by Victor Buono, was a villain on the ''Batman'' TV series which aired from 1966 to 1968. Mild-mannered Egyptologist William Omaha McElroy, after suffering a concussion, came to believe he was the reincarnation of Tutankhamun. His response to this knowledge was to embark upon a crime spree that required him to fight against the "Caped Crusaders", Batman and Robin.

The Discovery Kids animated series ''Tutenstein'' stars a fictional mummy based on Tutankhamun, named Tutankhensetamun and nicknamed Tutenstein in his afterlife. He is depicted as a lazy and spoiled 10-year-old mummy boy who must guard a magical artifact called the Scepter of Was from the evil Egyptian god Set.

The first episode of the 2005 BBC series ''Egypt: Rediscovering a Lost World'' focuses on the life and death of Tutankhamun and the serendipitous discovery of his tomb.

''La Reine Soleil'' (2007 animated film by Philippe Leclerc), features Akhenaten, Tutankhaten (later Tutankhamun), Akhesa (Ankhesenepaten, later Ankhesenamun), Nefertiti, and Horemheb in a complex struggle pitting the priests of Amun against Akhenaten's intolerant monotheism.

Other media

"King Tut", a whimsical 1978 song by (American comedian) "Steve Martin and the Toot Uncommons" (a backup group consisting of members of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band).

The 1981 arcade game ''Tutankham'' revolves around King Tutankhamun.

1989 television networks often advertised commercials for ''King Kuts'' dog food, complete with Anubis-styled canine animation and music to the tune of "Camel Caravan." The can label was also adorned with themed hieroglyphs.

The mummy of Tutankhamun is depicted as a villain in Raj Comics's ''Nagraj'', a Hindi superhero comicbook. In this series, his mask is the source of his power.

For "''Transformers''" the Decepticon character Frenzy repeats the name, "Tutankhamun."

The video game ''Sphinx and the Cursed Mummy'' features a fictional representation of Prince Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun is the victim of an unnamed magical ritual which results in almost instantaneous mummification and extraction of what appears to be his "life force". In the instruction manual, the Mummy is described as young, inexperienced and naive.

The novel ''Tutankhamun'' (2008) by novelist Nick Drake [not the musician] takes place during the reign of Tutankhamun and gives a possible explanation for his injury and death (and the aftermath) set amid a murder mystery.

The novel ''The Lost Queen of Egypt'' (1937) by novelist Lucile Morrison is about Ankhsenpaaten/ Ankhesenamun, the wife of Tutankhamun. He is a major character, coming in about midway in the story. Here, his name is spelled as 'Tutankhamon.' It's strongly hinted that he was murdered.

Names

At the reintroduction of traditional religious practice, his name changed. It is transliterated as twt-ˤnḫ-ỉmn ḥq3-ỉwnw-šmˤ, and according to modern Egyptological convention is written Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema, meaning "Living image of Amun, ruler of Upper Heliopolis". On his ascension to the throne, Tutankhamun took a ''praenomen''. This is transliterated as nb-ḫprw-rˤ, and, again, according to modern Egyptological convention is written Nebkheperure, meaning "Lord of the forms of Re". The name ''Nibhurrereya'' in the Amarna letters may be closer to how his praenomen was actually pronounced.

References

Further reading

Andritsos, John. Social Studies of ancient Egypt: Tutankhamun. Australia 2006

Booth, Charlotte. ''The Boy Behind the Mask''", Oneworld, ISBN 978-1-85168-544-8

Brier, Bob. ''The Murder of Tutankhamun: A True Story''. Putnam Adult, April 13, 1998, ISBN 0-425-16689-9 (paperback)/ISBN 0-399-14383-1 (hardcover)/ISBN 0-613-28967-6 (School & Library Binding)

Carter, Howard and Arthur C. Mace, ''The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun''. Courier Dover Publications, June 1, 1977, ISBN 0-486-23500-9 ''The semi-popular account of the discovery and opening of the tomb written by the archaeologist responsible''

Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane. Sarwat Okasha (Preface), ''Tutankhamun: Life and Death of a Pharaoh''. New York: New York Graphic Society, 1963, ISBN 0-8212-0151-4 (1976 reprint, hardcover) /ISBN 0-14-011665-6 (1990 reprint, paperback)

Edwards, I.E.S., ''Treasures of Tutankhamun''. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976, ISBN 0-345-27349-4 (paperback)/ISBN 0-670-72723-7 (hardcover)

Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, ''The Mummy of Tutankhamun: the CT Scan Report'', as printed in ''Ancient Egypt'', June/July 2005.

Haag, Michael. "The Rough Guide to Tutankhamun: The King: The Treasure: The Dynasty". London 2005. ISBN 1-84353-554-8.

Hoving, Thomas. ''The search for Tutankhamun: The untold story of adventure and intrigue surrounding the greatest modern archeological find''. New York: Simon & Schuster, October 15, 1978, ISBN 0-671-24305-5 (hardcover)/ISBN 0-8154-1186-3 (paperback) ''This book details a number of interesting anecdotes about the discovery and excavation of the tomb''

James, T. G. H. ''Tutankhamun''. New York: Friedman/Fairfax, September 1, 2000, ISBN 1-58663-032-6 (hardcover) ''A large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum, filled with colour illustrations of the funerary furnishings of Tutankhamun, and related objects''

Neubert, Otto. ''Tutankhamun and the Valley of the Kings''. London: Granada Publishing Limited, 1972, ISBN 583-12141-1 (paperback) ''First hand account of the discovery of the Tomb''

Reeves, C. Nicholas. ''The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure''. London: Thames & Hudson, November 1, 1990, ISBN 0-500-05058-9 (hardcover)/ISBN 0-500-27810-5 (paperback) ''Fully covers the complete contents of his tomb''

Rossi, Renzo. Tutankhamun. Cincinnati (Ohio) 2007 ISBN 978-0-7153-2763-0, a work all illustrated and coloured.

External links

Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city BBC News

Tutankhamun and the Age of the Golden Pharaohs website

''The Independent'', October 20, 2007: "A 3,000-year-old mystery is finally solved: Tutankhamun died in a hunting accident". See also video at ''The-Maker.net''

British Museum Tutankhamun highlight

King Tut: Ancient Egypt Unveiled - slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Category:Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Category:Amarna Period Category:Atenism Category:Curses Category:Historical deletion in ancient Egypt Category:Ancient child rulers Category:Ancient Egyptian mummies Category:1340s BC births Category:1320s BC deaths

ar:توت عنخ أمون az:Tutanhamon bn:তুতানখামেন zh-min-nan:Tutankhamun be:Тутанхамон bcl:Tutankhamun bg:Тутанкамон bs:Tutankhamon ca:Tutankamon cv:Тутанхамон cs:Tutanchamon cy:Tutankhamun da:Tutankhamon de:Tutanchamun et:Tutanhamon es:Tutankamón eo:Tutanĥamono eu:Tutankhamon fa:توت‌عنخ‌آمون fo:Tutankhamon fr:Toutânkhamon fy:Toetanchamon ga:Tútancáman gl:Tutankhamon ko:투탕카멘 hi:तुथंखमुन hr:Tutankamon ig:Tutankhamun id:Tutankhamun is:Tútankamon it:Tutankhamon he:תות ענח' אמון ka:ტუტანხამონი kk:Тутанхамон ku:Tutankhamun lv:Tutanhamons lt:Tutanchamonas hu:Tutanhamon mk:Тутанкамон arz:توت عنخ امون ms:Tutankhamun nl:Toetanchamon ja:ツタンカーメン no:Tutankhamon nn:Tutankhamon oc:Totankhamòn pms:Totankhamon pl:Tutanchamon pt:Tutancâmon ro:Tutankhamon ru:Тутанхамон scn:Tutankhamon simple:Tutankhamun sk:Tutanchamón sl:Tutankamon sr:Тутанкамон sh:Tutankhamon fi:Tutankhamon sv:Tutankhamon tl:Tutankhamun ta:துட்டன்காமன் th:ฟาโรห์ทุตอังค์อามุน tg:Тутонхомун tr:Tutankhamun uk:Тутанхамон vi:Tutankhamun fiu-vro:Tutanhamon yi:טוטאַנכאַמון yo:Tutankhamun zh-yue:圖坦卡門 zh:图坦卡蒙

name	Denis Leary
birth name	Denis Colin Leary
birth date	August 18, 1957
birth place	Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.
medium	Stand up, Television, Film
active	1987–present
genre	Observational comedy, Black comedy, Insult comedy, Satire, Musical comedy
subject	American culture, Current events, Politics, Recreational drug use, Drinking culture
influences	Lenny Bruce, George Carlin, Richard Pryor, Bill Hicks, Michael Gough, Sam Kinison
spouse	Ann Lembeck (1989–present; 2 children)
notable work	''No Cure for Cancer''''Lock 'n Load''Gus in ''The Ref''Michael McCann in ''The Thomas Crown Affair''Diego in ''Ice Age''Tommy Gavin in ''Rescue Me''Bill in ''The Sandlot''
website	http://denisleary.com
footnotes	}}

Denis Colin Leary (born August 18, 1957) is an American actor, comedian, writer and director. Leary is known for his biting, fast paced comedic style and chain smoking. He is the star and co-creator of the television show ''Rescue Me'', which ended its seventh and final season on September 7, 2011.

Early life

Leary was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the son of Irish Catholic immigrants. His mother, Nora (née Sullivan), was a maid, and his father, John Leary, was an auto mechanic. As both of his parents are from Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, Leary holds both Irish and U.S. citizenship. Through marriage, Leary is a third cousin of talk show host Conan O'Brien. He attended Saint Peter-Marian High School, in Worcester.

Leary is a graduate of Emerson College, in Boston. While at Emerson, he met fellow comic Mario Cantone, who to this day Leary considers his closest friend. Comedian Steven Wright and actress Gina Gershon also attended Emerson at the same time as Leary. At the school, he founded the Emerson Comedy Workshop, a troupe that continues on-campus as of 2011. After graduating with the Emerson Class of 1979, he took a job at the school teaching comedy writing classes and maintained the job for five years. Leary received an honorary doctorate and spoke briefly at his alma mater's undergraduate commencement ceremony on May 16, 2005; he is thus credited as "Dr. Denis Leary" on the cover of his 2009 book, ''Why We Suck''.

Career

Leary began working as a comedian in the Boston comedy scene of the 1980s, where he hosted his own show at the underground club "Play It Again Sam's". He also wrote and appeared on a local comedy series, ''Lenny Clarke's Late Show'', hosted by his friend Lenny Clarke and written by Boston comedy writer Martin Olson. Leary and Clarke both spoke about their early affiliations and influences in the Boston comedy scene in the documentary film ''When Standup Stood Out'' (2006). It was during this time that he developed his stage persona. He also appeared in skits on the MTV game show ''Remote Control'', playing such characters as Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones, the "brother" of co-host Colin Quinn, and artist Andy Warhol.

Leary first earned fame when he ranted about R.E.M. in an early 1990s MTV sketch. Several other commercials for MTV quickly followed, in which Leary would rant at high speeds about a variety of topics, playing off the then-popular and growing alternative scene. He released two records of his stand-up comedy: ''No Cure for Cancer'' (1993) and ''Lock 'n Load'' (1997). In late 2004, he released the EP ''Merry F#%$in' Christmas'', which included a mix of new music, previously unreleased recordings, and some tracks from ''Lock 'n Load''.

In 1993, his sardonic song about the stereotypical American male, "Asshole", achieved much notoriety. It was voted #1 in an Australian youth radio poll (the Triple J Hottest 100). The song was used as part of the Holsten Pils series of ads in the UK, in which Leary was participating, with adapted lyrics criticizing a drunk driver.

Leary has appeared as an actor in over 40 movies, including ''The Sandlot'', as Scott's stepfather Bill, ''Monument Ave.'', ''The Matchmaker'', ''The Ref'', ''Suicide Kings'', ''Dawg'', ''Wag the Dog'', ''Demolition Man'', ''Judgment Night'', ''The Thomas Crown Affair'', and ''Operation Dumbo Drop''. He had a small part in Oliver Stone's ''Natural Born Killers'', playing a ranting inmate during a prison riot; his part was eventually cut, but can be seen on the Special Edition DVD. He has had the lead role in two television series, ''The Job'' and the FX cable-network series ''Rescue Me'', of which he is also co-creator. He plays Tommy Gavin, a New York City firefighter dealing with alcoholism, family dysfunction, and other issues in post-9/11 New York City. He received ''Emmy'' nominations in 2006 and 2007 for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. Denis Leary was offered the role of Dignam in the 2006 film ''The Departed'' but turned it down due to scheduling conflicts with his television show, ''Rescue Me''.

In addition, Leary has provided voices for characters in animated films, such as a fire-breathing dragon named Flame in the series ''The Agents'', a prehistoric saber-toothed cat named Diego in the ''Ice Age'' film trilogy, and the pugnacious ladybug Francis in ''A Bug's Life''. He has produced numerous movies, television shows, and specials through his production company, Apostle; these include Comedy Central's ''Shorties Watchin' Shorties'', the stand-up special ''Denis Leary's Merry F#$%in' Christmas'', and the movie ''Blow''. As a Boston Red Sox fan, he narrated the official 2004 World Series film. In 2006, Leary and Lenny Clarke appeared on television during a Red Sox telecast and, upon realizing that Red Sox first baseman Kevin Youkilis is Jewish, delivered a criticism of Mel Gibson's antisemitic comments. As an ice hockey fan, Leary hosted the National Hockey League video ''NHL's Greatest Goals''. In 2003, he was the subject of the ''Comedy Central Roast of Denis Leary''.

Leary did the TV voiceover for MLB 2K8 advertisements, where he used his trademark rant style in baseball terms, and ads for the 2009 Ford F-150 pickup truck. He has also appeared in commercials for Hulu and DirecTV's NFL Sunday Ticket package. Leary was a producer of the Fox Broadcasting series ''Canterbury's Law'', and wrote and directed its pilot episode. ''Canterbury's Law'' aired in the spring of 2008 and was canceled after eight episodes.

On September 9, 2008, Leary hosted the sixth annual ''Fashion Rocks'' event, which aired on CBS. In December of the year, he appeared in a video on funnyordie.com critiquing a list of some of his "best" films, titled "Denis Leary Remembers Denis Leary Movies". Also in in 2008, Leary voiced a guest role as himself on the "Lost Verizon" episode of ''The Simpsons''.

On March 21, 2009 Leary began the "Rescue Me Comedy Tour" in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The 11-date tour, featuring ''Rescue Me'' co-stars Lenny Clarke and Adam Ferrara, was Leary's first stand-up comedy tour in 12 years. The Comedy Central special ''Douchebags and Donuts'', filmed during the tour, debuted on American television January 16, 2011, with a DVD release on January 18, 2011.

On January 1, 2010, both Leary and Lenny Clarke sang the Neil Diamond song "Sweet Caroline" at the 2010 NHL Winter Classic at Fenway Park, flanked by members of the Boston and Worcester Fire Departments. Nine days later, Leary sang at Road Recovery, on New York City's The Bowery, along with Peter Frampton, John Varvatos and Leary's band The Enablers.

He is currently working as Captain George Stacy in ''The Amazing Spider-Man'' movie set to be released in June 2012 and is writing the American adaptation of British comedy ''Sirens''.

Leary is one of the executive producers of the documentary ''BURN'', which chronicles the struggles of the Detroit Fire Department. ''BURN'' made its debut on April 23, 2012, at the Tribeca Film Festival.

Personal life

Leary has been married to writer Ann Lembeck Leary since 1989. They met when he was her instructor in an English class at Emerson College. They have two children, son John Joseph "Jack" (born 1990) and daughter Devin (born 1992). Ann Leary published a memoir, An Innocent, a Broad, about the premature birth of their son on an overseas visit to London. She has also written a novel, Outtakes From a Marriage, which was published in 2008.

Leary is an ice hockey fan and has his own backyard hockey rink at his home in Connecticut, with piping installed under the ice surface to help the ice stay frozen. His favorite National Hockey League team is the Boston Bruins. He is also a Boston Red Sox fan, as well as a fan of the Green Bay Packers.

Leary describes himself as a Jack Kennedy Democrat with some conservative ideologies, such as support for the military. Leary told Glenn Beck, "I was a life-long Democrat, but now at my age, I've come to realize that the Democrats suck, and the Republicans suck, and basically the entire system sucks. But you have to go within the system to find what you want." Leary supported Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election.

Leary has said of his religious beliefs, "I'm a lapsed Catholic in the best sense of the word. You know, I was raised with Irish parents, Irish immigrant parents. My parents, you know, prayed all the time, took us to Mass. And my father would sometimes swear in Gaelic. It doesn't get more religious than that. But, no, after a while, they taught us wrong. I didn't raise my kids with the fear of God. I raised my kids with the sense of, you know, to me, Jesus was this great guy...."

Leary Firefighters Foundation

On December 3, 1999, six firefighters from Leary's hometown of Worcester were killed in the Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire. Among the dead were Leary's cousin Jerry Lucey and his close childhood friend Lt. Tommy Spencer. In response, the comedian founded the Leary Firefighters Foundation. Since its creation in the year 2000, the foundation has distributed over $2.5 million (USD) to fire departments in the Worcester, Boston, and New York City areas for equipment, training materials, new vehicles, and new facilities. Leary won $125,000 for the foundation on the game show ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire''. Leary has close ties with 107.3 WAAF-FM, which in 2000 released the station album ''Survive This!'' Part of the proceeds from this album were donated to the Leary Firefighters Foundation.

A separate fund run by Leary's foundation, the Fund for New York's Bravest, has distributed over $2 million to the families of the 343 firemen killed in the September 11 attacks in 2001 in addition to providing funding for necessities such as a new mobile command center, first responder training, and a high-rise simulator for the New York City Fire Department's training campus. This new fund was established because the families of the Worcester fire did not want to include New York families into the fund. As a result, Leary created a separate fund for New York.

As the foundation's president, Leary has been active in all of the fundraising, usually presenting large checks and donated equipment personally. The close relationship he has developed with the FDNY as well as with individual firefighters across the New York/New England area has resulted in Leary's most recent television show, ''Rescue Me'', a comedy-drama on FX. In the pilot episode of the show, he is seen wearing a Leary Firefighter Foundation 9-11 Memorial T-shirt.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Leary donated over a dozen boats to the New Orleans Fire Department to aid in rescue efforts in future disasters. The foundation also rebuilt entire NOLA firehouses.

Controversies

Statements concerning autism

In his 2008 book ''Why We Suck: A Feel Good Guide to Staying Fat, Loud, Lazy and Stupid'', Leary said:

In response to the controversy, Leary stated that the quote was taken out of context and that in that paragraph he had been talking about the trend of overdiagnosis of autism, which he attributed to American parents seeking an excuse for behavioral problems and underperformance. Later, he apologized to parents with autistic children whom he had offended.

Allegations of plagiarism

For many years, Leary had been friends with fellow comedian Bill Hicks. When Leary's comedy album ''No Cure for Cancer'' was released, many people believed Leary had stolen Hicks' act and material. The friendship ended abruptly as a result. Hicks once told an interviewer: "I have a scoop for you. I stole his [Leary's] act. I camouflaged it with punchlines, and to really throw people off, I did it before he did".

At least three stand-up comedians have gone on the record stating they believe Leary stole Hicks' material, comedic persona and attitude. One similar routine was about the band Judas Priest, during which Hicks says, "I don’t think we lost a cancer cure."

During a 2003 Comedy Central Roast of Denis Leary, comedian Lenny Clarke, a friend of Leary's, said there was a carton of cigarettes backstage from Bill Hicks with the message, "Wish I had gotten these to you sooner." This joke was cut from the final broadcast.

The feud is also mentioned in Cynthia True's biography ''American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story'': }}

According to the book, True said upon hearing a tape of Leary's album ''No Cure for Cancer'', "Bill was furious. All these years, aside from the occasional jibe, he had pretty much shrugged off Leary's lifting. Comedians borrowed, stole stuff and even bought bits from one another. Milton Berle and Robin Williams were famous for it. This was different. Leary had, practically line for line, taken huge chunks of Bill's act and ''recorded'' it."

In a 2008 appearance on ''The Opie and Anthony Show'', comedian Louis CK claimed that Leary stole his "I'm an asshole" routine, which was then expanded upon and turned into a hit song by Leary. On a later episode of the same show, Leary challenged this assertion by claiming that he (Leary) co-wrote the song with Chris Phillips.

Awards

! Year	! Result	! Award	! Category	! Film/Show
2009		Golden Globe Awards	Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
2008		Emmy Awards	Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie	''Recount'' (2008)
2007		Emmy Awards	Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
2007		Satellite Awards	Best Actor in a Series, Drama	''Rescue Me''
2007		Prism Awards	Performance in a Drama Series, Multi-Episode Storyline	''Rescue Me''
2006		Emmy Awards	Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series	''Rescue Me''
2006		Satellite Awards	Best Actor in a Series, Drama	''Rescue Me''
2006		Prism Awards	Performance in a Drama Series, Multi-Episode Storyline	''Rescue Me''
2005		Emmy Awards	Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series	''Rescue Me''
2005		Golden Globe Awards	Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Drama	''Rescue Me''
2005		Satellite Awards	Best Actor in a Series, Drama	''Rescue Me''
2003		Kids' Choice Awards	Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie
2003		DVD Exclusive Awards	Best Actor
2002		Television Critics Association Awards	Individual Achievement in Comedy
2000		Blockbuster Entertainment Awards	Favorite Supporting Actor - Drama/Romance
1996		CableACE Awards	Best Directing: Comedy	''National Lampoon's Favorite Deadly Sins'' (1995)
1992		Edinburgh International Arts Festival	Critic's Award	''No Cure for Cancer'' (1992)
1992		BBC Festival	Recommendation Award	''No Cure for Cancer'' (1992)

Filmography

Films

''Strictly Business (film) ''The Sandlot'' ''The Ref'' Natural Born Killers#Alternate versions ''National Lampoon's Favorite Deadly Sins'' ''Underworld (1996 film) ''The Second Civil War'' ''Monument Ave.'' ''True Crime (1999 film) ''Sand (film) ''Double Whammy (2001 film) ''Dawg (film) ''When Stand Up Stood Out'' ''Ice Age: The Meltdown'' ''Recount (film) ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' ''The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)

Year
1987	Long Walk to Forever (short film)>Long Walk to Forever''	Newt
1991	Strictly Business'' ||	Jake	cameo appearance>cameo
rowspan="5"	1993	|	Bill
''Who's the Man?''	Sergeant Cooper
''Demolition Man (film)	Demolition Man''	Edgar Friendly
''Loaded Weapon 1	National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1''
''Judgment Night (film)	Judgment Night''	Fallon
rowspan="3"	1994	|	Gus
''Gunmen (film)	Gunmen''	Armor O'Malley
''Natural Born Killers''	Prison Inmate || director's cut, cameo
rowspan="3"	1995	|	Jake	TV-movie, also directed segment "Lust"
''Operation Dumbo Drop''	CW3 David Poole
''The Neon Bible (film)	The Neon Bible''	Frank
rowspan="2"	1996	Underworld'' ||	Johnny Crown/Johnny Alt
''Two If by Sea''	Francis "Frank" O'Brien
rowspan="7"	1997	|	Vinnie Franko	TV-movie
''Love Walked In (1997 film)	Love Walked In''	Jack Hanaway
''Subway Stories''	Guy in wheel chair
''Wag the Dog''	Fad King
''Suicide Kings''	Lono Veccio
''The Real Blonde''	The Real Blonde#Cast>Doug
''The Matchmaker (1997 film)	The MatchMaker''	Nick
rowspan="4"	1998	|	Bobby O'Grady	a.k.a. ''Snitch'', also uncredited writer
''Wide Awake (1998 film)	Wide Awake''	Mr. Beal
''Small Soldiers''	Gil Mars
''A Bug's Life''	List of A Bug's Life characters#Francis>Francis
rowspan="4"	1999	True Crime'' ||	Bob Findley
''Jesus' Son''	Wayne
''Do Not Disturb (1999 film)	Do Not Disturb''	Simon
''The Thomas Crown Affair (1999 film)	The Thomas Crown Affair''	Det. Michael McCann
rowspan="3"	2000	Sand'' ||	Teddy
''Lakeboat''	The Fireman
''Company Man (film)	Company Man''	Officer Fry
rowspan="2"	2001	Double Whammy'' ||	Det. Raymond Pluto	also uncredited producer
''Final (2001 film)	Final''
rowspan="3"	2002	Dawg'' ||	Douglas "Dawg" Munford	a.k.a. ''Bad Boy''
''Ice Age (film)	Ice Age''	List of characters in the Ice Age films#Diego>Diego
''The Secret Lives of Dentists''	Slater
rowspan="3"	2003	|	Himself	documentary film>documentary
''The Curse of the Bambino''	Himself
''Reverse of the Curse of the Bambino''	Himself
2006	|	List of characters in the Ice Age films#Diego>Diego	voice
2008	Recount'' ||	Michael Whouley	TV-movie
2009	|	List of characters in the Ice Age films#Diego>Diego	voice
rowspan="2">2012	The Amazing Spider-Man'' ||	George Stacy#Film>George Stacy	filming
''Ice Age: Continental Drift''	List of characters in the Ice Age films#Diego>Diego

TV shows

Title ''Remote Control (game show) ''Afterdrive'' ''Tonight with Jonathan Ross'' ''Mike & Spike'' ''Mike & Spike'' ''The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder'' ''Fantasy World Cup'' ''Space Ghost Coast to Coast'' ''The Rosie O'Donnell Show'' ''The Job (TV series) ''Contest Searchlight'' ''Crank Yankers'' ''Rescue Me (TV series) ''The Charlie Rose Show'' ''Rachael Ray (TV series) ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' ''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson'' >''The Daily Show'' ''Late Show with David Letterman'' ''Conan (TV series)

Year	|	Role	Note(s)
1987	Remote Control'' ||	Various roles	All episodes
1990	|	Himself	Talk show
1992	|		2 episodes
1994	|	Charles S. Baby	Episode: "Person To Insect"
rowspan="2"	1995	|	Charles S. Baby	Episode: "Person To Shoe"
''Mike & Spike''	Charles S. Baby
1998	|	Himself	Episode dated April 24, 1998
1998	|	Himself	Episode #1.15
1998	|	Himself	Episode: "Waiting For Edward"
2001–2002	|	Himself	Guest at two episodes
2001–2002	The Job'' ||	Mike McNeil	Also writer and producer<	All episodes
2002	|	Fictionalized version of himself	All episodes
2002	|	Joe Smith (voice)	Episode: 1.2
2004–2011	Rescue Me'' ||	Tommy Gavin	nominated for Golden Globe and Emmyalso creator, producer and writer
rowspan="4"	2005	|	Himself	one episode
''Last Call with Carson Daly''	Himself
''The Tony Danza Show''	Himself
''The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch''	Himself
rowspan="5"	2006	Rachael Ray'' ||	Himself	1 episode
''Late Show with David Letterman''	Himself
''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''	Himself
''Live with Regis and Kathie Lee''	Himself
''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992 TV series)	The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''	Himself
rowspan="3"	2007	|	Himself	Episode dated September 12, 2007
''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''	Himself
''The View (U.S. TV series)	The View''	Himself
rowspan="5"	2008	|	Himself	3 episodes (two of them in last seasons)
''The Simpsons''	Himself
''Family Guy''	Himself
	''The Bonnie Hunt Show''	Himself
	''Jimmy Kimmel Live!''	Himself
rowspan="2"	2009	|	Himself	14 episodes (1997–2011)
	''The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien''	Himself
	2010	|	Himself	Episode dated July 26, 2010
	2011	Conan'' ||	Himself	Episode dated January 12, 2011

TV commercials

Quaker State Motor Oil

MTV promos (1991–93)

Lotus Notes

Holsten O'Pils beer

Ford F-150 (voice only) (2009–2011)

Hulu (2009)

DirecTV NFL Sunday Ticket (2009)

Discography

1993: ''No Cure for Cancer''

1997: ''Lock 'n Load''

2004: ''Merry F#%$in' Christmas''

Bibliography

2008: ''Why We Suck: A Feel Good Guide to Staying Fat, Loud, Lazy and Stupid'', Viking ISBN 978-0-670-03160-3

2010: ''Suck On This Year : LYFAO @ 140 Characters or Less'', Viking ISBN 978-0-670-02289-2

References

External links

DenisLeary.com - Official Site.

Leary Firefighters Foundation

Denis Leary at Emmys.com

Category:1957 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Massachusetts Category:American comedians Category:American comedians of Irish descent Category:American film actors Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Emerson College alumni Category:Emerson College faculty Category:Irish film actors Category:Irish male comedians Category:Irish people of American descent Category:Irish stand-up comedians Category:Irish television actors Category:People from Worcester, Massachusetts

bg:Денис Лиъри ca:Denis Leary de:Denis Leary es:Denis Leary fr:Denis Leary id:Denis Leary it:Denis Leary nl:Denis Leary ja:デニス・リアリー no:Denis Leary pl:Denis Leary pt:Denis Leary ru:Лири, Денис simple:Denis Leary fi:Denis Leary sv:Denis Leary tr:Denis Leary